Globalization, Freedoms and Economic convergence: an empirical exploration of a trivariate relationship using a large panel

Using a large panel for 95 countries and the 1972–2014 period, this paper analyses interactions among globalization, political & civil rights economic convergence, through simultaneous estimation technique. We use multi-dimensional, de facto, continuous measures of Freedoms Globalization. find two-way positive relationship between liberties economic, social Globalization, as well significant relationships with convergence (using proxy ratio GDP per capita to US). In way, we extend test Democracy Globalization put forward by Eichengreen Leblang (Econ Politics 20(3):289–334, 2008). Overall, also virtuous cycle Economic except non-OECD at early intermediate stages development. This systemic effect can be into question recent negative shocks on related Covid-19 pandemic.